In the 20th century, avant-garde composers changed the face of music through electronic technologies and experiments with rule-based models and open forms. For instance, as early as the 1930s, Edgar Varèse varied the speed of turntables to create distortions and collage effects. However, it was not until the 1950s that significant new approaches to musical composition began to emerge. In 1951, John Cage used an Oriental oracle to create Music of Changes for piano: he consulted the I Ching to make compositional decisions. Around the same time, Pierre Boulez composed Structures for two pianos. Every aspect of this piece was decided by pre-determined rules, which Boulez followed strictly. Soon after, Karlheinz Stockhausen created Klavierstück XI also for piano. It consisted of a collection of fragments, which the pianist could perform in any order they wished. With the advent of digital computers, composing like Varèse, Cage, Boulez or Stockhausen became mainstream. Nowadays, composers are versed in using computers to manipulate recordings, follow the rules, and improvise. But computing technology is ever-evolving. And so is music. The music of the 21st century is changing through Artificial Intelligence (AI) and new types of computers. Most notably, quantum computers. As an example, in 2012, Iamus composed Hello World! for violin, clarinet, and piano. Iamus, however, is not a human being. It is a computer program developed by a team of AI scientists at the University of Málaga, Spain. It composes tunes by mutating and remixing given snippets of music. A quantum computer, however, deals with information encoded as quantum bits – or qubits. The qubit is to a quantum computer what a bit is to a digital one: it is a basic unit of information. In hardware, qubits live in the subatomic world. They are subject to the laws of quantum mechanics. Thus, qubits process information in fundamentally different, and potentially more powerful, ways than digital bits. As quantum computing technology looms on the horizon, Eduardo Reck Miranda is pioneering musical composition with quantum computers. In contrast with programming AI to reproduce conventional styles of music, Miranda develops quantum computing to create new music. His research is aimed at harnessing quantum mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement, interference, and superposition, to create music in ways that would be impractical using a standard digital computer.